The 15th century saw serious attempts to put the conciliar theories into practice. The most radical forms of the conciliar theory in the Middle Ages were found in the 14th-century writings of Marsilius of Padua, an Italian political philosopher who rejected the divine origin of the papacy, and William of Ockham, an English philosopher who taught that only the church as a whole-not an individual pope or even a council-is preserved from error in faith. Conciliarism had its roots in discussions of 12th- and 13th-century canonists who were attempting to set juridical limitations on the power of the papacy. In the Roman Catholic church, a theory that a general council of the church has greater authority than the pope and may, if necessary, depose him. This undercut the authority of the pope in the eyes of clergy and lay persons alike.
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Over the next thirty-nine years, two popes (and sometimes three!) would reign at the same time. A group of cardinals gathered and elected another pope, Clement VII, who returned to Avignon, France. The Great Schism occurred in 1378 when pope Urban VI announced that he planned to reform the college of cardinals. This, as well as many other factors, such as spread of Renaissance ideas, the spread of the printing press, and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, contributed to the creation of Protestantism. The Reformation was precipitated by earlier events within Europe, such as the Black Death and the Western Schism, which eroded people's faith in the Catholic Church and the Papacy that governed it. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals, leadership, and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches. It was sparked by the 1517 posting of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. The Protestant Reformation was the schism within Western Christianity initiated by John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestants.
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By favoring the moral reform of the church and de-emphasizing the practice of didactic ritual, Erasmus ultimately laid the groundwork for Martin Luther, who eventually sparked the beginning of the reformation. Erasmus believed that true religion depended upon inward devotion rather than outward displays of ceremony and ritual. Led by Erasmus, the humanists condemned the corruption within the church. The spread of the content within the New Testament eventually led to the popularity of the Reformation.Įrasmus also laid the foundation for the Reformation not just by the writing of the New Testament, but with the spread of his own beliefs.
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It was also used by William Tyndale in 1526 who translated the work into English. Erasmus's New Testament was primarily used by Martin Luther in 1522 to translate the content from its original Latin form to the native language German for the first time. It allowed others to see the church for what it was and what needed to so desperately be fixed. The New Testament casted a new light on the the perception of religion. Desiderius Erasmus's greatest contribution to the Reformation was undoubtedly the publication of his Greek-Latin New Testament in 1516.